＜ OS 有关＞在 Ubuntu24 使用 DD 制作快照并复制到本地运行的方案 Script: vps-backup.sh

原因：

腾讯 VPS 不支持“快照下载”，还有快照限制数量：1

在 Ubuntu 24 VPS上制作磁盘镜像

DD 工具

用于低级别的复制和转换数据。

使用前需要注意：

有足够的空间存储镜像
磁盘设备正确被使用
压缩镜像以节省空间
镜像下载到本地
停止VPS上的除 SSH 网络连接 DNS，以外的所有服务

设计思路

使用 dd 工具备份 VPS 硬盘
备份生成 tar.gz 文件
在备份前从列表中“停止”不必要的服务，只保留 SSH，DNS 还有网络连接
备份完成后，启动“停止”的服务，恢复正常
因为 Google Drive 挂载 (google-drive-ocamlfuse) 是独立硬盘，要检测。
运行前检测磁盘空间。

完整 Script: vps-backup.sh

#!/bin/bash

# VPS disk image backup script by Dave on 20Apirl2025
# Version 0.6
# Purpose: Stop services, create a complete system backup, then restore services
# Usage: sudo bash vps-backup.sh [output file path]

# Check if running with root privileges
if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
  echo "Please run this script with root privileges"
  exit 1
fi

# Check parameters
if [ "$#" -lt 1 ]; then
  echo "Usage: $0 [output file path]"
  echo "Example: $0 /root/vps-backup.tar.gz"
  exit 1
fi

OUTPUT_FILE="$1"
OUTPUT_DIR=$(dirname "$OUTPUT_FILE")
TIMESTAMP=$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
LOG_FILE="${OUTPUT_DIR}/vps_backup_${TIMESTAMP}.log"

# Ensure output directory exists
mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"

# Define services to stop
SERVICES_TO_STOP=(
  "mariadb.service"
  "nginx.service"
  "dovecot.service"
  "php8.3-fpm.service" 
  "v2ray.service"
  "[email protected]"
  "tailscaled.service"
  "google-drive.service"
  "cron.service"
)

# Check Google Drive mount
GOOGLE_DRIVE_MOUNTED=false
if mount | grep -q "google-drive-ocamlfuse"; then
  GOOGLE_DRIVE_MOUNTED=true
  # Add Google Drive service to stop list if not already included
  if ! echo "${SERVICES_TO_STOP[@]}" | grep -q "google-drive.service"; then
    SERVICES_TO_STOP+=("google-drive.service")
  fi
fi

# Function to log messages
log() {
  echo "[$(date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")] $1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}

# Function to stop services
stop_services() {
  log "Starting to stop services..."
  
  for service in "${SERVICES_TO_STOP[@]}"; do
    if systemctl is-active --quiet "$service"; then
      log "Stopping service: $service"
      systemctl stop "$service"
      if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
        log "Service $service stopped successfully"
      else
        log "Warning: Unable to stop service $service"
      fi
    else
      log "Service $service is already stopped"
    fi
  done
  
  log "All specified services have been stopped"
  
  # Execute sync to ensure data is written to disk
  log "Executing sync command to ensure data is written to disk..."
  sync
  log "Sync completed"
}

# Function to start services
start_services() {
  log "Starting to start services..."
  
  # Start services in reverse order
  for ((i=${#SERVICES_TO_STOP[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
    service="${SERVICES_TO_STOP[$i]}"
    log "Starting service: $service"
    systemctl start "$service"
    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
      log "Service $service started successfully"
    else
      log "Warning: Unable to start service $service"
    fi
  done
  
  log "All services have been restored"
}

# Function to get disk information
get_disk_info() {
  log "Getting disk information..."
  
  # Find system partition
  ROOT_PART=$(findmnt -n -o SOURCE /)
  log "Root partition: $ROOT_PART"
  
  if [[ "$ROOT_PART" == /dev/mapper/* ]]; then
    # Handle LVM volumes
    log "LVM volume detected, using lvdisplay for information"
    DISK_INFO=$(lvdisplay | grep "LV Path" | awk '{print $3}')
    ROOT_DISK="$ROOT_PART"
  else
    # For regular partitions
    ROOT_DISK="$ROOT_PART"
    DISK_DEV=$(echo "$ROOT_PART" | sed 's/[0-9]*$//')
    DISK_INFO=$(lsblk -n -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE | grep "disk" | head -n 1)
    log "Derived disk device: $DISK_DEV (not used)"
  fi
  
  log "Using system partition: $ROOT_DISK"
  log "Disk information: $DISK_INFO"
  
  # Return the actual available device path
  echo "$ROOT_DISK"
}

# Function to check disk space
check_disk_space() {
  local source_disk="$1"
  
  log "Checking disk space..."
  
  # Get disk or partition size
  if [ -b "$source_disk" ]; then
    # If it's a block device, use blockdev
    DISK_SIZE=$(blockdev --getsize64 "$source_disk" 2>/dev/null)
    
    # If blockdev fails, try to get size from df
    if [ -z "$DISK_SIZE" ] || [ "$DISK_SIZE" -eq 0 ]; then
      log "Unable to get size using blockdev, attempting to use df..."
      local mount_point="/"
      if [ -n "$source_disk" ]; then
        # If it's a partition, find its mount point
        mount_point=$(findmnt -n -o TARGET "$source_disk" 2>/dev/null || echo "/")
      fi
      DISK_SIZE=$(df -B1 "$mount_point" | awk 'NR==2 {print $3}') # Use used space as estimate
    fi
  else
    # If not a block device, use df to get root partition size as an estimate
    log "Warning: $source_disk is not a block device, using root partition size as estimate"
    DISK_SIZE=$(df -B1 / | awk 'NR==2 {print $3}') # Use used space as estimate
  fi
  
  # Check available space in output directory
  AVAILABLE_SPACE=$(df -B1 "$OUTPUT_DIR" | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}')
  
  log "Size of data to backup: $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $DISK_SIZE)"
  log "Available space in output directory: $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $AVAILABLE_SPACE)"
  
  # Consider extra metadata and safety margin, needs 1.1 times the space
  REQUIRED_SPACE=$(echo "$DISK_SIZE * 1.1" | bc | cut -d. -f1)
  log "Recommended required space: $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $REQUIRED_SPACE)"
  
  if [ "$AVAILABLE_SPACE" -lt "$REQUIRED_SPACE" ]; then
    log "Error: Insufficient disk space"
    log "Need at least $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $REQUIRED_SPACE) of available space"
    echo "Error: Insufficient disk space"
    echo "Need at least $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $REQUIRED_SPACE) of available space"
    return 1
  else
    log "Disk space check passed"
    return 0
  fi
}

# Function to check and handle Google Drive mount
handle_google_drive() {
  log "Checking Google Drive mount..."
  if [ "$GOOGLE_DRIVE_MOUNTED" = true ]; then
    log "Google Drive mount detected"
    
    # If output directory is on Google Drive, warn user
    if [[ "$OUTPUT_FILE" == *"/ggdrive/"* ]] || mount | grep -q "google-drive-ocamlfuse.*$OUTPUT_DIR"; then
      log "Warning: Output directory is on a Google Drive mount point"
      log "This may cause slow or unstable backup"
      
      # Check available space on Google Drive
      GD_AVAILABLE_SPACE=$(df -B1 "$OUTPUT_DIR" | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}')
      log "Google Drive available space: $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $GD_AVAILABLE_SPACE)"
      
      # Prompt user to confirm
      echo "Warning: You are attempting to save the backup to Google Drive"
      echo "Available space: $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $GD_AVAILABLE_SPACE)"
      echo "This may cause slow or unstable backup"
      read -p "Continue? (y/n): " answer
      
      if [[ "$answer" != "y" && "$answer" != "Y" ]]; then
        log "User chose to terminate backup"
        exit 1
      fi
      
      log "User confirmed to continue backup to Google Drive"
    else
      log "Output directory is not on Google Drive, will unmount Google Drive normally"
    fi
    
    # Stop Google Drive service
    log "Stopping Google Drive service..."
    if systemctl is-active --quiet "google-drive.service"; then
      systemctl stop "google-drive.service"
      log "Google Drive service stopped"
    fi
    
    # Unmount Google Drive
    log "Unmounting Google Drive mount points..."
    local gd_mount_points=$(mount | grep "google-drive-ocamlfuse" | awk '{print $3}')
    for mount_point in $gd_mount_points; do
      log "Unmounting: $mount_point"
      fusermount -u "$mount_point"
      if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
        log "Successfully unmounted $mount_point"
      else
        log "Warning: Unable to unmount $mount_point"
      fi
    done
  else
    log "No Google Drive mount detected"
  fi
}

# Function to restore Google Drive mount
restore_google_drive() {
  if [ "$GOOGLE_DRIVE_MOUNTED" = true ]; then
    log "Restoring Google Drive service..."
    systemctl start "google-drive.service"
    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
      log "Google Drive service restored"
    else
      log "Warning: Unable to restore Google Drive service"
    fi
  fi
}

# Function to create system backup
create_backup() {
  SOURCE_DISK="$1"
  
  log "Starting to create system backup..."
  log "System root partition: $SOURCE_DISK"
  log "Target file: $OUTPUT_FILE"
  
  # Determine root directory mount point
  ROOT_MOUNT=$(findmnt -n -o TARGET "$SOURCE_DISK" 2>/dev/null || echo "/")
  log "Root directory mount point: $ROOT_MOUNT"
  
  # Ensure output directory exists
  OUTPUT_DIR=$(dirname "$OUTPUT_FILE")
  mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"
  
  # Modify extension to tar.gz
  TAR_FILE="${OUTPUT_FILE%.*}.tar.gz"
  log "Modified output file to: $TAR_FILE"
  
  # Use tar to create filesystem backup
  log "Starting tar backup execution..."
  log "Excluding temporary directories and mount points..."
  
  # Create exclusion list
  EXCLUDE_LIST=()
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=$TAR_FILE")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/proc")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/sys")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/dev")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/run")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/mnt")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/media")
  EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/tmp")
  
  # Check if /home mount point exists, may be using separate partition
  if findmnt /home >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    log "Detected /home as separate mount point, will backup separately"
    EXCLUDE_LIST+=("--exclude=/home")
    HOME_SEPARATE=true
  else
    HOME_SEPARATE=false
  fi
  
  # Execute root filesystem backup
  log "Starting backup of root filesystem..."
  tar -czf "$TAR_FILE" "${EXCLUDE_LIST[@]}" --one-file-system -C "$ROOT_MOUNT" .
  TAR_STATUS=$?
  
  if [ $TAR_STATUS -eq 0 ]; then
    log "Root filesystem backup successful: $TAR_FILE"
    
    # Backup home directory (if separate partition)
    if [ "$HOME_SEPARATE" = true ]; then
      HOME_TAR="${OUTPUT_FILE%.*}_home.tar.gz"
      log "Starting backup of /home partition to: $HOME_TAR"
      tar -czf "$HOME_TAR" --one-file-system -C /home .
      HOME_TAR_STATUS=$?
      
      if [ $HOME_TAR_STATUS -eq 0 ]; then
        log "/home partition backup successful: $HOME_TAR"
      else
        log "Warning: /home partition backup failed, status code: $HOME_TAR_STATUS"
      fi
    fi
    
    # Backup successful, update output file path
    OUTPUT_FILE="$TAR_FILE"
    return 0
  else
    log "Error: Backup failed, status code: $TAR_STATUS"
    return 1
  fi
}

# Calculate backup information
calculate_backup_info() {
  if [ -f "$OUTPUT_FILE" ]; then
    # Calculate backup file size
    BACKUP_SIZE=$(stat -c %s "$OUTPUT_FILE")
    log "Backup file size: $(numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B $BACKUP_SIZE)"
    
    # Calculate MD5 checksum
    log "Calculating MD5 checksum..."
    MD5SUM=$(md5sum "$OUTPUT_FILE" | awk '{print $1}')
    log "MD5 checksum: $MD5SUM"
    echo "$MD5SUM" > "${OUTPUT_FILE}.md5"
    log "MD5 checksum saved to ${OUTPUT_FILE}.md5"
    
    return 0
  else
    log "Error: Backup file does not exist"
    return 1
  fi
}

# Main execution flow
main() {
  log "======= VPS Backup Started ======="
  log "Timestamp: $TIMESTAMP"
  
  # Get disk information
  SOURCE_DISK=$(get_disk_info)
  
  if [ -z "$SOURCE_DISK" ]; then
    log "Error: Unable to determine a valid source device"
    log "Please ensure the script has sufficient permissions to access system partitions"
    exit 1
  fi
  
  # Check disk space
  check_disk_space "$SOURCE_DISK"
  if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    log "Backup terminated due to insufficient disk space"
    exit 1
  fi
  
  # Handle Google Drive mount
  handle_google_drive
  
  # Stop services
  stop_services
  
  # Create backup
  create_backup "$SOURCE_DISK"
  BACKUP_STATUS=$?
  
  # Restore services
  start_services
  
  # Restore Google Drive mount
  restore_google_drive
  
  # Calculate backup information
  if [ $BACKUP_STATUS -eq 0 ]; then
    log "Backup created successfully, calculating backup information..."
    calculate_backup_info
  fi
  
  log "======= VPS Backup Completed ======="
  
  # Display final results
  if [ $BACKUP_STATUS -eq 0 ]; then
    log "Backup completed successfully!"
    log "Backup file: $OUTPUT_FILE"
    echo ""
    echo "Backup completed successfully!"
    echo "Backup file: $OUTPUT_FILE"
    echo "Log file: $LOG_FILE"
  else
    log "Errors occurred during backup, please check log file: $LOG_FILE"
    echo ""
    echo "Errors occurred during backup, please check log file: $LOG_FILE"
  fi
}

# Execute main function
main

演示：

root@jpt:~/scripts# vi vps-backup.sh
root@jpt:~/scripts# sudo ./vps-backup.sh /path/to/output/vps-backup.img
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] ======= VPS备份开始 =======
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 时间戳: 20250421_115054
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 检查磁盘空间...
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 警告: [2025-04-21 11:50:54] 正在获取磁盘信息...
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 根分区: /dev/vda2
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 推导出的磁盘设备: /dev/vda (不使用)
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 使用系统分区: /dev/vda2
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 磁盘信息: vda 50G disk
/dev/vda2 不是块设备，使用根分区大小作为估计
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 需要备份的数据大小: 9.9GiB
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 输出目录可用空间: 38GiB
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 建议的所需空间: 11GiB
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 磁盘空间检查通过
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 检查Google Drive挂载...
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 检测到Google Drive挂载
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 输出目录不在Google Drive上，将正常卸载Google Drive
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 停止Google Drive服务...
[2025-04-21 11:50:55] Google Drive服务已停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:55] 卸载Google Drive挂载点...
[2025-04-21 11:50:55] 开始停止服务...
[2025-04-21 11:50:55] 停止服务: mariadb.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:56] 服务 mariadb.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:56] 停止服务: nginx.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:56] 服务 nginx.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:56] 停止服务: dovecot.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 服务 dovecot.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 停止服务: php8.3-fpm.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 服务 php8.3-fpm.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 停止服务: v2ray.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 服务 v2ray.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 停止服务: [email protected]
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 服务 [email protected] 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:57] 停止服务: tailscaled.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 服务 tailscaled.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 服务 google-drive.service 已经是停止状态
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 停止服务: cron.service
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 服务 cron.service 已成功停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 所有指定服务已停止
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 执行sync命令以确保数据写入磁盘...
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] sync完成
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 开始创建系统备份...
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 系统根分区: [2025-04-21 11:50:54] 正在获取磁盘信息...
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 根分区: /dev/vda2
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 推导出的磁盘设备: /dev/vda (不使用)
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 使用系统分区: /dev/vda2
[2025-04-21 11:50:54] 磁盘信息: vda 50G disk
/dev/vda2
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 目标文件: /path/to/output/vps-backup.img
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 根目录挂载点: /
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 修改输出文件为: /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 开始tar备份执行...
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 排除临时目录和挂载点...
[2025-04-21 11:50:58] 开始备份根文件系统...
tar: ./var/spool/postfix/dev/log: socket ignored
tar: ./var/spool/postfix/private/dovecot-lmtp: socket ignored
tar: ./var/spool/postfix/private/auth: socket ignored
tar: ./var/snap/lxd/common/lxd-user/unix.socket: socket ignored
tar: ./var/snap/lxd/common/lxd/unix.socket: socket ignored
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 根文件系统备份成功: /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 开始启动服务...
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 启动服务: cron.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 服务 cron.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 启动服务: google-drive.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 服务 google-drive.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 启动服务: tailscaled.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 服务 tailscaled.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 启动服务: [email protected]
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 服务 [email protected] 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 启动服务: v2ray.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 服务 v2ray.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:33] 启动服务: php8.3-fpm.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:34] 服务 php8.3-fpm.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:34] 启动服务: dovecot.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:34] 服务 dovecot.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:34] 启动服务: nginx.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:34] 服务 nginx.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:34] 启动服务: mariadb.service
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] 服务 mariadb.service 已成功启动
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] 所有服务已恢复
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] 恢复Google Drive服务...
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] Google Drive服务已恢复
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] 备份创建成功，计算备份信息...
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] 备份文件大小: 4.7GiB
[2025-04-21 12:00:35] 计算MD5校验和...
[2025-04-21 12:01:03] MD5校验和: 55868c61518c9801a0ccdc79024bd3d7
[2025-04-21 12:01:03] MD5校验和已保存到 /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz.md5
[2025-04-21 12:01:03] ======= VPS备份完成 =======
[2025-04-21 12:01:03] 备份成功完成!
[2025-04-21 12:01:03] 备份文件: /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz

备份成功完成!
备份文件: /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz
日志文件: /path/to/output/vps_backup_20250421_115054.log
root@jpt:~/scripts# ll /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5044560222 Apr 21 12:00 /path/to/output/vps-backup.tar.gz
root@jpt:~/scripts#